evolution of computers

The main function of the digital computer is processing the input data and produce output that can be used in a particular application environment. Physical equipment used to run the computer systems and manage the storage and flow of data and instructions along the lines of internal communication is a system hardware component. Processing hardware programmed to perform computation according to a set of rules, called algorithms (a sequence of logical steps) is used to solve a particular problem. This algorithm -a program translated into a series of directives followed by hardware in solving these problems. The program will establish a set of software system components. The study of software related to programming languages, data representation, efficient program development, evaluation software, compiler development. While the hardware includes an understanding of computer organization and the study of the physical components of the band is used to design computer systems. Hardware and software actually interrelated, and the software can not be fully understood without an understanding of the hardware, since most of the software depends on the hardware. The emphasis of the discussion in the book is focused on the hardware. Among the components (resources) we will consider at the level of functional organization is: -Processor
-Controlling input / output
-Memory Unit
-Bus (communication lines, traffic data)
-Register, adder, shifter and multiplier.
-Data representation
-Addressing schemes
-Machine language instructions
-Instruction making, execution, and decoding.
The term computer architecture and computer organization is often used as a back and forth at this level. However, that does not mean the same thing. computer architecture related to characteristics as seen by the computer programmers. While the organization's computer related to computer resources physically and with regard to its organization, its integration into functional systems, and communication control and data flow between them. In this book, the computer is considered as a system that has one or more processors that are able to translate and execute the instructions. The instructions are executed, as well as operating data, stored in the memory. Face to face between the processor and memory with external data resources or hardware peripherals such as terminals and printers, is done through the subsystem input / output (I / O). Communication between the various units, carried out by one or more system bus. The main principles of computer organization is covering the structure and organization of various units of computer and face-to-face with other subsystems. The designers of computers in making a decision always consider the form in which the program will be shown and diinteprasikan with computers, methods by addressing the program or the name of the data, and data representation. Such decisions include aspects of the storage media size, type and format of the data, a set of instructions, addressing the storage and protection, and considerations I / O and interface.
Historical Perspective
The designer of this complex system, such as a computer, must have a global view of the various functions of the system and should recognize the relationship of hardware / software. However, before starting with in-depth description of the manufacture of the block are coupled with the design process, the historical perspective of the evolution of the terms of a count. We will focus on some of the historical period and see different parts of the calculation differences that developed during this period. We will recalculate its evolution and continued through the discovery dikulminasikan on the development of electronic computers existed until now.